1) In what way have the landforms in the Balkan Peninsula shaped the cultures of the region?

Balkan peninsula is a crossroad of civilizations. No historical phenomenon shows as much adaptation to geographic congestion as the arrangement of ancient civilizations in the Balkan Peninsula. After the alternating advances and retreats, which came as a result of extraordinary historical events and were sometimes irrelevant to geographic congestion, the spread of a civilization has largely remained in natural disruption.

Explanation:

Those cultures, which have spread throughout almost the Peninsula, have finally experienced the narrowing of their distribution under geomorphological influences.
Even after the greatest political and cultural perturbations, the withdrawal or further expansion of civilizations arose, a kind of austerity, and the influences of various civilizations stopped and took root in the area determined by geomorphological factors.
Even the wedge-shaped cultural breakthroughs, which are seen wherever they are, are also related to the relief and communications of the area.