Futhark runes are the oldest Germanic scripts & was used from 2 C.E. to 8 C.E. by Germanic tribes. After 8 C.E., this script was adjusted to the Younger Futhark & the Anglo-Saxon Futhark. Sophus Bugge, a Norwegian Muggle, translated the Elder Futhark. The script is said to come from the Old Italic scripts (Etuscan or Raetic) with powerful Roman impact on it. These runes were deliberate due to memory failing when trying to keep up with travel, power, & trade. Runes were also used in jewelry, amulets, & rune stones. The Viking tribes turned to Christianity by 8 C.E. & in 1,000 C.E., most priests went into hiding. Their magic, warfare, life, & death was given to Rowena Ravenclaw & placed at Hogwarts for safe keeping.

The Elder Futhark is a phonetic script where the first six letters of the Futhark are the first six sounds of runic script, meaning Futhark. Each symbol represents a sound & can sometimes make decoding them tough. This consists of no clear direction when writing, double letters in a single rune, no spaces between the words, & a blend of the last word's letter to the first word's letter. Ideograms assigned to runes designates ideas or concepts. These meanings are equally important as the phonetic scripts. Runes are formed by straight lines with angles due to carving them out of wood or stone. This is done with either a chisel or knife.