Lesson 1: Introduction

• The revealing charm is used to determine the status of a rune (magical, mundane, active/inactive or damaged)
• Revealing Charm: point your wand at the rune and say Specialis Revelio
• There should be one of four results
  • No result: no impact on the runes and they do not begin to glow
  • Amber or Bronze Glow: successfully activated rune or set of runes
  • Red Glow: the runes are activated but there is something wrong
  • Pale Blue Glow: some form of enchantment or spell on the runes

• Oldest of all runic scripts (2nd - 8th BC)
• Was transformed into the Younger Futhark and the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc
• By 1000 BC priests were forced into hiding and the records were stored in the Hogwart's Library by Rowena Ravenclaw.
• A phonetic script, where the first 6 sounds spelling Futhark; they are also ideograms.
• Pronunciation of Runes
• Reading- Chapter 2 of The Runic Lorebook
• Origins- Drew inspiration from the Roman Empire; Southern Germanic tribes started with Latin and became bilingual; Encountered both Latin and Greek language; 2 AD has a stable character set for at least 1/2 a century.
• History of Elder Futhark- Works best on materials from living things (Wood, Bone and Animal Hide); Old works are mostly destroyed due to either: Muggles; to magical to be seen by Muggles or not meant to last; 160-300 BCE; Frisians defeated the Romans at the Battle of Baduhenna Wood.
• Alphabet and Meaning- Can be both a language and a magical system; 24 characters that represent 23 Germanic sounds; divided into 3 sets of 8 letters called aettir (each dedicated to a god).
• 1st- Freyja's Aett which symbolises the nurturer; deals with concrete matters of daily life.
• 2nd- Heimdall's Aett which deals with conflict and change; contains the most powerful run in the middle: Jera (cyclical nature of everything).
• 3rd- Tyr's Aett which represents the world of ideas; contains both water and earth; the order of the final two runes in debated often. 
• 1. The voiced stops /b/, /d/, and /g/: Berkano, Dagaz, Gebo
  2. The unvoiced stops /p/, /t/, and /k/: Perthro, Tiwaz, Kenaz
  3. The unvoiced fricatives /f/, /s/, and /h/: Fehu, Sowilo, Hagalaz
  4. The voiced fricatives /ð/ and /z /: Thurisaz, Algiz
  5. The nasals /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/: Mannaz, Naudhiz, Ingwaz
  6. The liquids /l/ and /r/: Laguz, Raido
  7. The glides /w/ and /j/: Wunjo, Jera (j is pronounced as y)
  8. The vowels /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/: Ansuz Ehwaz, Isa, Othala, Uruz
• Names have been codifies since 1648 by Sofia Schreiber.

• Nordic Magi were the primary scribes and knowledge-holders

• There are two options when translating runes, this is because they can either be in the spoken language or as an ideogram.

• Transcription: using the letters that represent the same sounds in the Latin alphabet
• Meaning: as individual ideograms which are then used together to make a meaning
• Combined sounds: Thurisaz (th), Ingwaz (ng), Eihwaz (ei)

• List of Names  Aldis (f) Bjorg (f) Bjorn (m) Brynja (f) Frodi (m) Gormr(m) Haraldr (m) Helga (f) Hrodolfr (m) Ingridr (f) Ragnarr (m) Siegfried (m) Sigridr (f) Thor (m) Thyri (f) Vladimarr (m) Vikingr (m) Wodan (Odin)

  List of Places  Borg Borgarfjordr Danmarkar (Denmark) Drepstokkr Groenland Heidmork Herjolfsnes Holmgardr Linakradalr Midfjordr Nordrlond Noregr (Norway) Raumariki Reykjanes Sjaland Svipjod Uppsalir

• Aett/Aettir: from Old Norse meaning clan or family

Runes:

• Fehu: wealth and cattle; Merkstave represents the opposite: loss, greed and poverty; can be used to stabilize magic (do not use with Gamp's Law of Wealth).

• Uruz: auroch (horned cattle) or water, bravery and strength; Merkstave is slowness, dullness and cowardice; can be used to enhance magic, but also enhances side effects.

• Thurisaz: giants (Jotun); change, constructive conflict and defense; Merkstave is used to bolster defense spells and decrease destruction; can be used to strengthen offensive spells (really dangerous).

• Ansuz: the Nordic Magi; communication and wisdom; Merstave is delusion and misunderstanding (memory and befuddlement charms) declared illegal in 1939 as Muggles can lose all higher cognitive functioning.

• Raido: ride and journey; used in magical transportation and in original portkeys; Merkstave is chaos and stagnancy while standard is positive changes.

• Kuanan: disease or torch; used for weakness/ill health; Merkstave is used more often for health, vigor and creativity; is used for potions mostly (cauldrons and phials)

• Gebo: means gift (left for interpretation); used in sacrifice, companionship and generosity; Merkstave is greed, loneliness and selfishness; shouldn't be used in spell work as it is very dangerous (standard and merkstave look the same)

• Wunjo: deals with emotional states (joy); used for mentally unstable patients; Merkstave is sorrow, anger etc.; used to enhance spells that require emotion eg. the Patronus Charm

• Readings- Chapter 3 of The Runic Lorebook
• Fehu: can be combined with most runes
• Uruz: combines with Fehu mostly; difficult with other runes as unstable
• Thurisaz: used to indicate where giants are in ancient times; Merkstave is used more with protective spells
• Ansuz: increases divination practices and enhances complicated charms (maybe used on Ravenclaw's diadem); works best with Laguz
• Raido: Raidio-Fehu can enhance transfigurations and is very common; not used with anything else very often
• Kenaz: the standard is used often with Hagalaz, Naudhiz and Isa
• Gebo: not used often, in Chiasma there are numerous runestones, each engraved with a rune and a tiny x (may or may not be gebo)
• Wunjo: joined with Berkano for regeneration and enhancing spells

• Deals with conflict and change, runes are quite specific

Runes:

• Hagalaz: forces of nature; no true Merkstave, but means natural disaster; used in weather magic
• Naudiz: survival, physical needs; Merkstave represents deprivation and death; associated with sacrificial rituals
• Isa: obstruction, challenge and stagnation; no Merkstave meaning; not a bad rune, but one must exercise caution and expertise
• Jera: harvest, seasons and life cycle; no Merkstave; enhances all life-giving and withering spells
• Eihwaz: life and death (yew tree); Merkstave represents destruction and weakness; protects ones life, often at the expense of another's
• Perthro: luck, femininity and fate (potions); Merkstave represents dullness, bad-luck and degradation; increases moon magic and magic involving luck and happiness
• Algiz: rune of protection; Merkstave represents danger/trouble; in text it is used to refer to protection/defence
• Sowilo: victory, power, masculinity, good health and clarity of thought; Merkstave is defeat and darkness; increases the rate of succuess in potions/spells
• Readings- Chapter 4 of The Runic Lorebook
• Hagalaz: used for limitation, interruption or delay
• Naudhiz: using with Ingwaz fixes any problems created by the rune
• Isa: with Berkano causes fertility problems
• Jera: with Berkano cause fertility success
• Eihwaz: with Jera/Ansuz means that complications will be resolved
• Perthro: with Berkano increases fertility
• Algiz: with Thurisaz signifies luck and protection
• Sowilo: with Tiwaz shows success

• Relates to ideas and concepts, and can be associated with the world as seen by humans
• Tiwaz/Tyr is the god of reason and laws

• Tiwaz: means justice, reason, leadership, and neutrality, relates to the day Tuesday; Merkstave is injustice, imbalance and irrationality; used on weapons and in courtrooms
• Berkano: Muggles interpret it as 'birch tree', family, birth, and happiness; Merkstave is strife, infertility, and stagnation; used for fertility in potions, PTSD and in weddings
• Ehwaz: man's relationship with horse, also change and progress; Merkstave is recklessness, discord and unwillingness; promotes teamwork (on boats and saddles)
• Mannaz: humankind, creation/destruction, life/mortality; upright is the best, Merkstave is the worst; used by scholars, judges and journal crafters
• Laguz: water, intuition; Merkstave is madness and fear; used to discover hidden talent, for healing and by Slytherins to reach full potential
• Ingwaz: named after the god Ingwaz; common sense, humility, caring, and relaxation, also represents the hero; Merkstave is sloth and unfairness;  relates to the earth, used by Hufflepuffs and for tools
• Dagaz: traced to the English word day, also means clarity, breakthrough and balance; Merkstave is ending, hopelessness and completion; used by Ravenclaw for creative thinking and knowledge
• Othala: community, ancestry ad birthplace; Merkstave is intolerance, unwillingness to help others and prejudice; cannot be used on an individual, used at Hogwarts
• Readings- Chapter 5 of the Runic Lorebook
• Tiwaz: must have a just outcome when combined
• Berkano: generally refers to something beginning, can lead to fertility problems
• Ehwaz: other runes describe the journey, or has one has to overcome something 
• Mannaz: you either need others to solve your problems, or you need to help someone
• Laguz: no used as central commonly, points to a specific individual or location
• Ingwaz: patience and hard work will overcome the problem
• Dagaz: combines easily, warns when something is out of balance
• Othala: most commonly as a central rune, extends a sense of community/shared fate

Lesson 7: Basics of Translation (Part 2)

• Levels of Translation
• Single runes are interpreted according to the ideographic meaning
• Words are translated by their phonetic values (names and places, etc.)
• Three different levels- sound, mundane and Schreiber's corrections
• Law of Sympathy: “like attracts like” (similar to the target, helps magic)
• Law of Correspondence: “as above, so below" (can recreate forces when same situation is created)

• Takes time and are generally not required when casting basic charms
• Runes have a finite number of successful combinations
• Charms do not require a natural object, whereas runes do (for carving)
• The runes and the wand-work of charms have similar shapes
• Activating Runes: Venenate, while drawing a circle; complete with a stabbing motion
• Deactivating Runes: Devenenate, a counter-clockwise circle, then pull your wand backwards
• To check if done correctly use the Revealing Charm
• Runic spells are used on amulets and jewellery/coins
• Runes and verbal charms are used to enhance and modify the effect
• Runes and potions are used to change the potion and the brewing process