My Notes For All Core Subjects, Year One
written by Lindsay Clearwater
Updated version of the book "My Notes, From A Ravenclaw (Year 1)" by Anne Pickering. Here you can find my notes for all nine lessons from the seven main subjects; Astronomy, Charms, Defense Against the Dark Arts, Herbology, History of Magic, Potions, and Transfiguration. Remember that although there are notes here, I might have missed something and it is still extremely important to pay attention and take notes in your lessons. This is just to help struggling first-year students who think they may have missed vital information in the lesson. I will try to update one chapter/lesson every day. Day started: July 11 2020
Last Updated
05/31/21
Chapters
13
Reads
2,786
ASTR-101 Lesson Two: Muggle-Made Tools For Astronomy
Chapter 9
TELESCOPES: optical instrument that magnifies a distant object and makes it appear brighter
- most important tool in astronomy
- used to discover Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
- telescopes help Muggles discover new asteroids, comets, stars, galaxies --collections of stars--, moons, planets orbiting other stars
- biggest telescope: 100 inch wide Hooker
- branch under astronomy: cosmology -- studies origin and evolution of the universe
--> discovered by American astronomer Edwin Hubble
- earliest telescopes: 2 lenses at opposite ends of a tube
--> far end of the tube: light-gathering lens / objective lens
~> lens is convex -- thicker in the middle than at the edges
~> like a magnifying glass (positive lens)
- distant objects seen thru a magnifying glass on its own is blurry
--> to appear sharp, you need another lens near the end of the tube (eyepiece)
--> earliest telescopes: eyepiece was concave (thinner in the middle) -- negative lens
- first design of the Muggle telescope invented by Hans Lippershey, Dutch eyeglass maker, 1608
--> made distant items 3x bigger
- 2 yrs la, Galileo Galilei, famous astronomer, found that objective lens less curved, magnifying power from 3 to 20
--> used to discover 4 largest moons of Jupiter -- Galilean moons
--> also discovered that Venus has phases like Moon -- confirming Copernicus' beliefs that Earth revolves around the Sun
--> problem: very narrow field of view, everything you look at appears upside down
--> called an astronomical telescope -- ppl who want to look at things on Earth (ex. ship navigators) didn't want this --> they use terrestrial telescopes
- terrestrial telescopes have 2 positive lenses
- newer models: two tubes instead of one -- wider tube containing objective lens, narrower tube (can slide in and out) containing eyepiece
--> altered and improved to enable user to adjust focus
--> terrestrial telescope can be adjusted too
--> astronomical type: you have to change eyepiece
- telescopes that use only lenses: refracting telescopes (lenses refract light)
--> problem: objects seen at the edge of the field appear to have color fringes
--> 1688: Isaac Newton solved this by using mirrors instead of lenses
--> called the reflecting telescope (mirrors reflect light) / Newtonian telescopes
- amt. which a telescope magnifies distant objects is telescope's power
--> the weaker objective lens or mirror & stronger eyepiece -- more powerful
- astronomers also want to see things that are too dim for naked eye
--> bigger lenses / mirror = more light will gather
--> amt. of light gathered depends on the area of lens
- advantage of making the lens or mirror bigger: improves resolution of telescope (how close together 2 points of light appear to be & still be 2 distinct points)
--> measured as angular distance
- astronomers use archminutes and archseconds (1 degree is divided into 60 archminutes, 1 archminute = 60 archseconds)
- double diameter of lens = double resolution
--> ex. lens / mirror diameter: 12 cm, resolution: abt 1 archsec.
- biggest telescope so far is the Keck telescope (10 m diameter)
- hard to find a resolution much better than 1 archsec (because of twinkling stars and seems like it is moving)
--> problem solved by using modern telescopes -- have adaptive optics (mirror deforms hundreds of times per sec)
--> another solution: putting your telescope above atmosphere and launching into orbit around the Earth / SATELLITES.
SATELLITES: object that is in orbit around the planet
--> moons are natural satellites
- artificial satellites: man-made objects launched into orbit by means of rocket
--> satellite uses: GPS uses satellites to locate position of receiver
~> also used for communication, to look & photograph the Earth, examine clouds, temperature and rainfall (more accurate weather forecasts), put telescopes above atmospheres
- ex. Hubble Telescope (named after Edwin Hubble) is a telescope orbiting the Earth
--> made many important discoveries; distant galaxies and black holes
- satellites also house tools like cameras, radars, remote sensors, tools to collect and analyze space particles
--> can also carry people
- first satellite -- Sputnik (Russian word "fellow traveler") launched in 1957 by Soviet Union
- U.S. launched its first satellited (successfully) 4 mo. later (Explorer 1), Soviet Union launched their 2nd satellite, carrying Yuri Gagarin, first man in outer space
- Americans created NASA in 1958 to catch up w/ Soviet Union in the Space Race
- America won Space Race in 1969 when the landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon and brought them back safely
--> while they were on the Moon, Michael Collins piloted the command module and orbited the Moon (also a satellite)
- after 6 more voyages to the Moon (one of which failed -- Apollo 13) Russia lost interest
- Soviet Union decided to send Valentina Tereshkova (1963) to space
--> spent almost 3 days in space
--> at that time, women were deemed unfit for space traveling
--> 20 yrs after -- America launched 1st female in space: Sally Ride
SPACE AGENCIES IN OTHER COUNTRIES:
- Canada, India, Japan, China
- sometimes go alone, sometimes cooperate w/ each other
--> ex. China National Space Administration landed rocket on the far side of the Moon on Jan 3, 2019
--> ex. Americans, Russians, Europeans, Canadians, Japanese cooperated to make International Space Station / ISS (also a satellite)
~> wizards worked undercover w/ other space agencies (but not NASA --> in 1790, MACUSA passed Rappaport's Law, which is similar to Statue of Secrecy)
- Canada invented Canadarm, robot attached to artificial satellite
--> used to deploy, maneuver, capture pay loads
SPACE SHUTTLES:
- early 1980s, NASA began program -- Space Transportation System
--> using artificial satellites / space shuttles
- used to launch numerous other satellites, interplanetary probes, Hubble Space Telescope to conduct science experiments in orbit and to participate in construction & servicing of the ISS
- 2 accidents on space shuttles, killed total 14 astronauts
--> terminated in 2011
--> U.S. relying on Russian spacecraft Soyuz to transport astronauts & supplies to and from ISS
RADAR: detection system that uses radio waves / microwaves to determine range, angle, velocity of objects
- Radar bounces waves off an object & studies those that are reflected by the object (kind of like imaginary small bouncy balls)
- Uses: military, air & ground traffic control, locating landmarks & ships at sea, ocean surveillance, monitoring the weather geological observations, radar astronomy
- Moon, Venus, Mars, Mercury, 4 biggest moons of Jupiter, Saturn's rings and its largest moon Titan, few asteroids, and comets have been studied by radars.
ROVER: vehicle designed to more across the surface of a planet / Moon
- some designed to transport people
--> some are self-driving
- uses: study planet / Moon -- take pics, readings of atmosphere, samples of dust / rock
- Rovers have only been landed on Mars and Moon
- driver of the rover can decide at any point what is the most interesting place for it to visit
--> some respond at the speed of light, others take a couple of mins.
- most important tool in astronomy
- used to discover Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
- telescopes help Muggles discover new asteroids, comets, stars, galaxies --collections of stars--, moons, planets orbiting other stars
- biggest telescope: 100 inch wide Hooker
- branch under astronomy: cosmology -- studies origin and evolution of the universe
--> discovered by American astronomer Edwin Hubble
- earliest telescopes: 2 lenses at opposite ends of a tube
--> far end of the tube: light-gathering lens / objective lens
~> lens is convex -- thicker in the middle than at the edges
~> like a magnifying glass (positive lens)
- distant objects seen thru a magnifying glass on its own is blurry
--> to appear sharp, you need another lens near the end of the tube (eyepiece)
--> earliest telescopes: eyepiece was concave (thinner in the middle) -- negative lens
- first design of the Muggle telescope invented by Hans Lippershey, Dutch eyeglass maker, 1608
--> made distant items 3x bigger
- 2 yrs la, Galileo Galilei, famous astronomer, found that objective lens less curved, magnifying power from 3 to 20
--> used to discover 4 largest moons of Jupiter -- Galilean moons
--> also discovered that Venus has phases like Moon -- confirming Copernicus' beliefs that Earth revolves around the Sun
--> problem: very narrow field of view, everything you look at appears upside down
--> called an astronomical telescope -- ppl who want to look at things on Earth (ex. ship navigators) didn't want this --> they use terrestrial telescopes
- terrestrial telescopes have 2 positive lenses
- newer models: two tubes instead of one -- wider tube containing objective lens, narrower tube (can slide in and out) containing eyepiece
--> altered and improved to enable user to adjust focus
--> terrestrial telescope can be adjusted too
--> astronomical type: you have to change eyepiece
- telescopes that use only lenses: refracting telescopes (lenses refract light)
--> problem: objects seen at the edge of the field appear to have color fringes
--> 1688: Isaac Newton solved this by using mirrors instead of lenses
--> called the reflecting telescope (mirrors reflect light) / Newtonian telescopes
- amt. which a telescope magnifies distant objects is telescope's power
--> the weaker objective lens or mirror & stronger eyepiece -- more powerful
- astronomers also want to see things that are too dim for naked eye
--> bigger lenses / mirror = more light will gather
--> amt. of light gathered depends on the area of lens
- advantage of making the lens or mirror bigger: improves resolution of telescope (how close together 2 points of light appear to be & still be 2 distinct points)
--> measured as angular distance
- astronomers use archminutes and archseconds (1 degree is divided into 60 archminutes, 1 archminute = 60 archseconds)
- double diameter of lens = double resolution
--> ex. lens / mirror diameter: 12 cm, resolution: abt 1 archsec.
- biggest telescope so far is the Keck telescope (10 m diameter)
- hard to find a resolution much better than 1 archsec (because of twinkling stars and seems like it is moving)
--> problem solved by using modern telescopes -- have adaptive optics (mirror deforms hundreds of times per sec)
--> another solution: putting your telescope above atmosphere and launching into orbit around the Earth / SATELLITES.
SATELLITES: object that is in orbit around the planet
--> moons are natural satellites
- artificial satellites: man-made objects launched into orbit by means of rocket
--> satellite uses: GPS uses satellites to locate position of receiver
~> also used for communication, to look & photograph the Earth, examine clouds, temperature and rainfall (more accurate weather forecasts), put telescopes above atmospheres
- ex. Hubble Telescope (named after Edwin Hubble) is a telescope orbiting the Earth
--> made many important discoveries; distant galaxies and black holes
- satellites also house tools like cameras, radars, remote sensors, tools to collect and analyze space particles
--> can also carry people
- first satellite -- Sputnik (Russian word "fellow traveler") launched in 1957 by Soviet Union
- U.S. launched its first satellited (successfully) 4 mo. later (Explorer 1), Soviet Union launched their 2nd satellite, carrying Yuri Gagarin, first man in outer space
- Americans created NASA in 1958 to catch up w/ Soviet Union in the Space Race
- America won Space Race in 1969 when the landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon and brought them back safely
--> while they were on the Moon, Michael Collins piloted the command module and orbited the Moon (also a satellite)
- after 6 more voyages to the Moon (one of which failed -- Apollo 13) Russia lost interest
- Soviet Union decided to send Valentina Tereshkova (1963) to space
--> spent almost 3 days in space
--> at that time, women were deemed unfit for space traveling
--> 20 yrs after -- America launched 1st female in space: Sally Ride
SPACE AGENCIES IN OTHER COUNTRIES:
- Canada, India, Japan, China
- sometimes go alone, sometimes cooperate w/ each other
--> ex. China National Space Administration landed rocket on the far side of the Moon on Jan 3, 2019
--> ex. Americans, Russians, Europeans, Canadians, Japanese cooperated to make International Space Station / ISS (also a satellite)
~> wizards worked undercover w/ other space agencies (but not NASA --> in 1790, MACUSA passed Rappaport's Law, which is similar to Statue of Secrecy)
- Canada invented Canadarm, robot attached to artificial satellite
--> used to deploy, maneuver, capture pay loads
SPACE SHUTTLES:
- early 1980s, NASA began program -- Space Transportation System
--> using artificial satellites / space shuttles
- used to launch numerous other satellites, interplanetary probes, Hubble Space Telescope to conduct science experiments in orbit and to participate in construction & servicing of the ISS
- 2 accidents on space shuttles, killed total 14 astronauts
--> terminated in 2011
--> U.S. relying on Russian spacecraft Soyuz to transport astronauts & supplies to and from ISS
RADAR: detection system that uses radio waves / microwaves to determine range, angle, velocity of objects
- Radar bounces waves off an object & studies those that are reflected by the object (kind of like imaginary small bouncy balls)
- Uses: military, air & ground traffic control, locating landmarks & ships at sea, ocean surveillance, monitoring the weather geological observations, radar astronomy
- Moon, Venus, Mars, Mercury, 4 biggest moons of Jupiter, Saturn's rings and its largest moon Titan, few asteroids, and comets have been studied by radars.
ROVER: vehicle designed to more across the surface of a planet / Moon
- some designed to transport people
--> some are self-driving
- uses: study planet / Moon -- take pics, readings of atmosphere, samples of dust / rock
- Rovers have only been landed on Mars and Moon
- driver of the rover can decide at any point what is the most interesting place for it to visit
--> some respond at the speed of light, others take a couple of mins.
