-Muggles started to fear/condemn magic
-wanted power for themselves instead of submitting to other powers

~Greek Rationalism

-logic
-if it can't be explained logically, it's probably false or an illusion
-most influential scientist/Greek philosopher was Democritus
-questioned ability of humans to rely only on senses
-lead to bias and judgement of the magical
-dismissed as irrational/blasphemous
-viewpoint was twisted and became threatening to the magical in 1600s

~Confucianism

-more of a way of life/values
-taught by confucius in 5th-6th centuries BCE
-claimed magic fell in line with "li" and was a seemingly magic result from a ritual (false)
-reverence for culture
-5 constants of confucianist ethics: "Ren" (devotion to benevolence/humaneness), "Shu" (reciprocavity), "Zhi" (desire for knowledge), "Xi,n" (wish for integrity)
-subject to criticism from both worlds
-stagnant and non-conforming society
-women can't put aside traditional roles, and men can't pursue jobs they enjoy as a result
-suppression of magical practice in women

~Buddhism

-originated in India 4th-6th centuries BCE
-revolves around 4 Central Truths and Dukkah
-Dukkha does NOT translate to suffering - references unsatisfactoriness of the worldly things (1st of 4 truths)
-2) Samsara (rebirth)
-first 2 are tied closely together
-Dukkha shows that worldly things cannot fulfill us
-endless cycles of life in Samsara, leading to #3
-3) Karma: what you do in 1 life comes around.
-4) Liberation: Cycle ends on Nirvana, where you reach a state of pure happiness

~Hinduism

-comprised of 4 denominations under 1 faith
-Vaishnavism and Shaivism believe in 1 supreme god
-Followers of Vaishnavism believe it is Vishnu and Shaivism followers claim that it is Shiva
-Shaktism and Smartism believe in many gods/goddesses (polytheistic)
-Hinduism focuses on 4 important aims of human life (the Purusarthas)
-Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha
-Dharma: most important, religious duties, moral rights, correct conduct, anything virtuous that would be reflected in a perfect individual
-Artha: healthy living, economic prosperity
-Kama: the aesthetic enjoyment of life
-Moksha: Related to liberation from samsara
-very ritualistic
-many spells created by Hindus turned into songs and mantras
-drew mandalas to aid mind focus on spellcasting outcomes

~Assignments

-Final exam
-Optional essay
-Optional course assessment